This text is an investment that returns many times its cost!
Mastering The OTDR- Trace
Acquisition And Interpretation
(ISBN 9781466429291, 2011) will be available on 10/24 for $29 plus shipping and
handling.
This manual guides the novice and intermediate connector installer from limited
or no knowledge to the abilities to install and evaluate fiber optic connectors
properly. With this ability, you are able to ensure the reliability of installed
links and reduce testing and rework costs.
CONTENTS
From OTDR Principles (Ch. 1), you learn how fibers
and OTDRs function. With this basic understanding, you understand and recognize
Basic Traces (Ch.2) and Unusual Traces (Ch. 3). To test both types of traces, you
learn how to: set up an OTDR for use and make both automatic and manual
measurements (Ch. 4). In Ch. 5, Interpretation, you learn how to calculate
acceptance values and interpret OTDR measurements. Ch. 6 provides you with a concise
and clear, three-page summary to use when testing. This summary details the steps
and the easily overlooked practical aspects of testing and interpretation. To test, verify and strengthen your understanding of
Chapters 1-5, you perform 151 review exercises (Ch. 7, Review Questions).
ABILITIES
With
this text, you are able to:
1.
Know when to (and
not to) use an OTDR
2.
Know when to (and
not to) use automatic trace analysis software
3.
Properly set up
the OTDR for links of any length
4.
Obtain noise
free traces with short testing time
5.
Differentiate
between real cable features and artifacts caused by OTDR limitations
6.
Take appropriate
actions to correct such limitations
7.
Determine when a
high splice loss measurement is acceptable
8.
Know how to
reduce cost of potential splice rework
9.
Recognize the
difference between high loss connections and fibers under stress
10. Recognize the difference between defective cable and
incorrect installation
11. Calculate acceptance values that represent reliable installation
12. Apply the correct acceptance values to trace features
13. Determine the trace appearance from the map before
making the trace
14. Measure cable length, connector loss, splice loss, and
attenuation rate quickly and accurately
BECOME CONFIDENT AND SUCCESSFUL!
This clear, concise, and
comprehensive training and field text guides you to success in making and
interpreting OTDR traces. With the knowledge and confidence
youÕll gain from this text, youÕll work efficiently and quickly. YouÕll
recognize and correct problems to avoid inaccurate measurements and incorrect
interpretations.
CERTIFICATION
Installer certification
results in increased fiber network reliability and, in some cases, increased
income for the certified installer. The information in this text enables passing
the connector portion of the Fiber Optic Association (FOA) certification
examinations for: CFOT, CFxT, AFOT, and CFOS/C. This text helps you join the
more than 33,000 individuals already certified by the FOA.
WHO WILL BENEFIT
Testing
personnel Supervisors Trainers
WHERE TO USE
Field
work Installer certification Training
BY THE NUMBERS
8 Chapters 86 pages 120
figures 20
tables 151 review questions
Text based on 34 years of OTDR experience and 21 years of development
AuthorÕs
Preface
For 34 years, IÕve been
working in fiber optic communications. IÕve made or viewed more than twenty one
thousand OTDR races. During these experiences, several of my professional
associates and I, have noted that OTDR testing and interpretation are the two
aspects of installation that cause the most difficulty to the largest number of
novice installers. This book is designed to reduce such difficulty
significantly! With diligence, this book helps you eliminate this difficulty
completely!
My strategy is Ôdivide and
conquerÕ. This book divides the essential knowledge and understanding into
five, clearly written, concise, yet comprehensive chapters. Since words alone
will not be sufficient, each chapter includes figures, 120 in all, to ensure
that all concepts are clear. To further assist you, each of these five chapters
includes a summary of key concepts, a total of 66.
These five chapters guide
you through development of the understanding you need to make and interpret
OTDR traces properly. The sixth chapter presents a brief summary of steps you
take during field-testing. This summary includes the easily overlooked
practical aspects of OTDR testing. The 151 review questions and exercises of
the seventh chapter further assist you in testing, developing, verifying and
strengthening your understanding. The appendices contain answers or locations
of answers.
But this text includes more
than what I know you need to understand. The 8421 people IÕve trained in more
than 500 presentations have asked many excellent questions. These questions
have enabled me to refine my explanations so that almost anyone can understand
the concepts. Finally, these questions have defined the content and structure
of this book.
The goal of this book is to
develop your knowledge, abilities, and confidence to make and interpret traces
properly. With this confidence, you will, rightly so, consider yourself a
Master Of The OTDR!
Best Regards,
Eric R. Pearson,
CFOS/T/C/S/I
Pearson Technologies Inc.
770-490-9991
October 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AuthorÕs
Preface
1 OTDR Principles..................................................................................................
1.1 Basic Concepts
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Fiber Structure
1.1.3 Wavelength
1.1.4 Attenuation
1.1.5 Backscatter
1.1.6 Backscatter Coefficient
1.1.7 Index Of Refraction
1.1.8 Fiber Length Vs. Cable Length
1.1.9 Reflections
1.2 Reason For Use
1.2.1 Insertion Loss Test
1.2.2 OTDR Test
1.3 Loss Simulation
1.4 Types
1.5 Block Diagram
1.6 Theoretical Trace
1.7 Measurements
1.8 Trace Features
1.8.1 Reflectance
1.8.2 Dead Zones
1.8.3 Concealed Features
1.8.4 Map To Trace
1.9 Measuring Reflectance
1.10 Key Concepts
2 Basic Traces
2.1 trace Types
2.2 Reflective Loss
2.2.1 Radius Connectors
2.2.2 Multimode Mechanical Splices
2.2.3 Singlemode Mechanical Splices
2.2.4 Broken Fiber
2.2.5 Multiple Reflection
2.2.6 Summary
2.3 Non-Reflective Loss
2.3.1 Fusion Splice
2.3.2 Singlemode Mechanical Splices
2.3.3 APC Connectors
2.3.4 Cable Parameter Violation
2.4 Bad Launch
2.5 Key Concepts
3 Unusual Traces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 No Far End Reflection
3.3 Gainers
3.3.1 Cause
3.3.2 True Splice Loss
3.3.3 Example
3.3.4 Connector Gainers
3.4 High Reflectance Connectors
3.4.1 Appearance
3.4.2 Problems
3.4.3 Solutions
3.5 Non-Linear Trace
3.6 Wavelength Effect
3.7 Key Concepts
4 Testing ANd Measurements
4.1 Set Up
4.1.1 Information Required
4.1.2 Launch Cable
4.2 Measurements
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Length
4.2.3 Connection Loss
4.2.4 Attenuation Rat
4.2.5 Cursor In Peak
4.3 Directional Differences
4.4 Dual Traces
4.4.1 Dual Wavelength Traces
4.4.2 Bi-Directional Traces
4.5 Adjusting Measurements
4.6 Trace Comparison
4.7 FTTH/PON Link Traces
4.8 Key Concepts
5 Interpretation
5.1 Certification Strategy
5.2 Example, end 1
5.2.1 Connection Loss
5.2.2 Attenuation Rate
5.2.3 Lengths
5.3 Example, end 2
5.4 Incorrect Cursor Placement
5.4.1 Length
5.4.2 Attenuation Rate
5.4.3 Connector Loss
5.5 Length Consistency
5.6 Key Concepts
6 Testing Practicalities
6.1 Acquire Link Data
6.2 Set Up
6.3 Launch cable
6.4 Qualitative Evaluations
6.5 Quantitative Evaluations
6.5.1 Automatic Measurements
6.5.2 Manual Measurements
6.6 Dual Wavelength Tests
6.7 Bi-directional Tests
6.8 Splice Loss Averaging
7 Review Questions
7.1 OTDR Principles
7.2 Basic Traces
7.3 Unusual Traces
7.4 Test And Measurements
7.5 Interpretation
8 Appendices
8.1 Indices of Refraction
8.1.1 Multimode
8.1.2 Singlemode
8.2 Backscatter Coefficients
8.2.1 Multimode
8.2.2 Singlemode
8.3 IR Inaccuracies
8.4 Distance Inaccuracies
8.5 Attenuation Rates
8.6 Accceptance Values
8.7 Bi-Directonal Length Measurements
8.8 Bidirectional Splice Loss TEsting
8.10 review Questions Answers
8.10.1 Chapter 1
8.10.2 Chapter 2
8.10.3 Chapter 3
8.10.4 Chapter 4
8.10.5 Chapter 5
8.11 Glossary
8.12 Acronyms
8.13 The Author
8.14 Services