Successful Fiber Optic
Installation- The Essentials [V7.2] has been replaced by
Professional Fiber Optic Installation-
The Essentials For Success
ISBN: 9780976975434
Available 10/12/2011, $49
AUTHORÕS PREFACE
Successful
fiber optic network installation has four characteristics:
➢ Low
optical power loss
➢ Low
installation cost
➢ Low
time installation
➢ High
reliability
This
book has the four goals of guiding the reader to:
➢ Successful
installation of fiber optic cables, connectors, and splices
➢ Proper
testing and interpretation of test results
➢ Confidence
in his ability to be successful
➢ Becoming
certified by the Fiber Optic Association (www.thefoa.org) and other certifying
organizations
To
achieve these four goals, this book includes four parts:
➢ Essential
Information
➢ Principles
Of Installation
➢ Principles
And Methods Of Testing And Inspection
➢ Procedures
Essential
Information
Chapters
1-9 present the language of fiber optic networks and their components. This
language includes the products with which the installer will work, the types of
products, their advantages, and the performance numbers that the installer can
expect. This first part acts as a comprehensive textbook for those studying
fiber optic technology with the intent of involvement in field installation.
With the foundation created by the first part, the installer can understand the
principles in the second and third parts and follow the procedures in the
fourth part.
Principles Of Installation
Chapters
10-13 present the principles, or basic characteristics, that give rise to the
procedures for installing cables, connectors, and splices. These principles are
rarely included in installation procedures from manufacturers. Such inclusion
would complicate those procedures and distract the installer from his focus on
successful installation. Knowledge of these principles makes the installer
sensitive to the importance of the procedures. With this sensitivity, the
installer will be able to follow the procedures and achieve the four goals of
installation.
Principles And Methods Of Testing And Inspection
Chapters
14-20 present the principles and methods of testing, inspection, and
interpretation of results. These chapters address testing by insertion loss,
OTDR, reflectance, ORL, dispersion, and microscopic inspection.
Procedures
Chapters
21-26 present installation procedures that, when followed, result in successful
installation. These chapters can be used as training procedures and as field
procedures. In addition, these procedures can be used as a reference for
review, when there is a long time between fiber activities.
Certification
Use
of this book enables the reader to be certified by the Fiber Optic Association
(FOA, www.thefoa.org). Chapters 1-10, 14 and 15 include most of the information
that the reader needs to become certified as a Certified Fiber Optic Technician
(CFOT), a Certified Fiber To The Home Technician (CFxT), and an Advanced Fiber
Optic Technician (AFOT). Chapters 6 include most of the information required to
be certified as a Certified Fiber Optic Specialist in connector installation
(CFOS/C), in splicing (CFOS/S), and in testing (CFOS/T). Much of the information will
enable the reader to pass other fiber optic certification examinations.
Finally, Appendices 27.9, 27.10, and 27.12 provide tools to assist the reader
in passing the FOA certification examination.
Training
As
a training text includes more than 400 review questions and exercises designed
to reinforce understanding. In some chapters, key points are highlighted with symbols.
Applicability
The
knowledge information in the text applies equally well to data networks,
telephone networks, and CATV networks, CCTV and process control links.
Evolution
In
1990, the predecessor to this book started as a training text. That predecessor
evolved into a text I finished in 1995. Immediately after finishing that text,
I began this text, with frequent revisions and improvements.
This
book has developed from 34 years of work with fiber optic products and work in
training people in installation and testing of fiber optic products. The
elements of this book have come from manufacturersÕ instructions; professional
associates, for whose continuous generosity of time and information I am
grateful; and from my efforts to find ways to avoid the errors made by some of
the more than 8400 trainees who have attended our training programs.
Some
elements have come from trainees, who have asked practical questions and shared
their observations. Finally, some have come from the testing we have performed
in our laboratory to identify methods to improve, simplify, and speed up the
installation and learning processes. We included much information in this book
because its lack results in increased power loss, increased installation cost
or reduced reliability. This aspect of evolution resulted in the subtitle of
this book Ò-The Essentials For Success.Ó
The
result of this evolution is a series of procedures that work well for almost
all people. ÔWorking wellÕ means the procedures will result in low power loss,
the prime concern of the installer, low installation cost, through reduced
rework, and maximum reliability, through avoidance of the common and subtle
errors.
In Closing
Whether
you are studying fiber optics for the first time or you are a field installer,
you will find this book highly useful and an investment that will pay back many
times its cost. Finally, this book will help you set up field installation and
cable assembly operations.
As
this book will remain a work in progress, I encourage your comments and
observations.
Best
Regards,
Eric
R. Pearson, CFOS
Pearson
Technologies Inc.
770-490-9991
www.ptnowire.com
fiberguru@ptnowire.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHORÕS PREFACE
PART
ONE
ESSENTIAL
INFORMATION
1 Introduction
To Fiber Networks
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Links Create Networks
1.1.2 Duplex Links
1.1.3 Digital Networks
1.1.4 Link Media
1.2 Eight Advantages
1.2.1 Unlimited Bandwidth
1.2.2 Transmission Distance
1.2.3 EMI And RFI Immunity
1.2.4 Low Bit Cost
1.2.5 Dielectric Construction
1.2.6 Small Size
1.2.7 Light Weight
1.2.8 Installation Ease
1.3 The Fiber Network
1.3.1 Mixed Media Networks
1.3.2 Fiber Networks
1.4 Components
1.4.1 Fiber
1.4.2 Cable
1.4.3 Connections
1.4.4 Optoelectronics
1.4.5 Transponders
1.4.6 Hardware
1.4.7 Passive Devices
1.5 Summary
1.6 Review Questions
1.7 Additional References
2 A Light Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Properties
2.2.1 Wavelength
2.2.2 Spectral Width
2.2.3 Light Speed
2.2.4 Optical Power
2.2.5 Volume
2.2.6 Pulse width
2.3 Behavior
2.3.1 Reflection
2.3.2 Refraction
2.3.3 Dispersion
2.3.4 Attenuation
2.3.5 Skew
2.4 Summary
2.5 Review Questions
3 Fibers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Function
3.3 Structure
3.3.1 Diameters
3.3.2 Tolerances
3.3.3 Offset And Non Circularity
3.4 Types
3.4.1 Multimode SI
3.4.2 Multimode GI
3.4.3 Singlemode
3.5 Performance
3.5.1 Dispersion
3.5.2 Attenuation
3.6 Bend Insensitive Fiber
3.7 Summary
3.8 Review Questions
4 Cables
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure
4.2.1 Buffer Tubes
4.2.2 Water Blocking Materials
4.2.3 Strength Member Materials
4.2.4 Binding Tapes
4.2.5 Jackets
4.2.6 Armor
4.3 Designs
4.3.1 MFPT
4.3.2 Central Loose Tube Design
4.3.3 Ribbon Design
4.3.4 Premises Design
4.3.5 Break Out Design
4.3.6 Blown Products
4.4 NEC Compliance
4.5 Dielectric Design
4.6 Characteristics
4.6.1 Loads
4.6.2 Bend Radii
4.6.3 Dimensions
4.6.4 Temperature Ranges
4.7 Standards
4.7.1 TIA/EIA6-C
4.7.2 Color Coding
4.8 Summary
4.9 Review Questions
5 Connectors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Function
5.3 Structures
5.3.1 Ferrules
5.3.2 Latching Structures
5.3.3 Mating Structures
5.3.4 Key
5.3.5 Back shell
5.3.6 Strain relief boot
5.3.7 Crimp sleeve
5.3.8 Simplex And Duplex
5.3.9 Ferrule Cap
5.3.10 Colors
5.4 Performance
5.4.1 dB Per Pair
5.4.2 Maximum loss
5.4.3 Typical Loss
5.4.4 Repeatability
5.4.5 Reflectance
5.5 Types
5.5.1 SFF Connectors
5.5.2 Common Types
5.5.3 Legacy Connectors
5.6 Installation Methods
5.6.1 Epoxy
5.6.2 Hot Meltª
5.6.3 Quick Cure Adhesive
5.6.4 Crimp And Polish
5.6.5 Cleave-and-Crimp
5.6.6 Pigtail Splicing
5.6.7 Fuse On Connectors
5.7 Summary
5.8 Review Questions
6 Splices
6.1 Locations
6.2 Process
6.3 Types
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Tools
6.3.3 Fusion Splicing
6.3.4 Mechanical Splicing
6.4 Splice Hardware
6.4.1 Splice Cover
6.4.2 Splice Tray
6.4.3 Splice Enclosure
6.5 Performance
6.6 Summary
6.7 Review Questions
7 Passive
Devices
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types
7.2.1 Couplers
7.2.2 Splitters
7.2.3 Wavelength Multiplexing
7.2.4 Optical Amplifiers
7.2.5 Dispersion Compensators
7.2.6 Switches
7.2.7 Rotary Joints
7.3 Two Installation Concerns
7.4 Summary
7.5 Review Questions
8 Optoelectronics
8.1 Installation Concern
8.2 Transmitter Types
8.2.1 Light Emitting Diodes
8.2.2 Laser Diodes
8.2.3 VCSELs
8.3 Receiver Types
8.4 Performance
8.4.1 Power Budget
8.4.2 Optional Optical Power Budgets
8.5 Summary
8.6 Review Questions
9 Hardware
9.1 Functions
9.2 Types
9.2.1 Enclosures
9.2.2 Patch Panels
9.2.3 Inner Duct/Sub Duct
9.2.4 Storage Loop Holders
9.2.5 Hanging Hardware
9.2.6 Routing Hardware
9.3 Summary
9.4 Review Questions
PART
TWO
PRINCIPLES
OF INSTALLATION
10
Planning
And Management Issues
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Equipment And Supplies
10.3 Equipment Locations
10.4 Data Sheets
10.5 Installation Techniques
10.6 Recommended Techniques
10.7 Personnel
10.7.1 Requirements
10.7.2 Selection
10.8 Testing Needs
10.8.1 As-Received Test
10.8.2 Post installation Test
10.8.3 Post Splicing
10.8.4 Post Installation
10.9 Create Data Forms
10.10 Records
10.11 Identify Potential Problem
10.12 Identify Safety Issues
10.12.1 Eye
Safety
10.12.2 Hand
Safety
10.12.3 Clothing
Safety
10.12.4 Mouth
Safety
10.12.5 Chemical
Safety
10.13 Summary
10.14 Review Questions
11 Cable Installation Principles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Environmental Limits
11.3 Installation Limits
11.3.1 Pulling Cable
11.3.2 Cable Placement
11.4 NEC Compliance
11.5 End Preparation
11.5.1 Cosmetics
11.6 Review Questions
12
Connector
Installation Principles
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Cable End Preparation
12.2.1 Dimensions
12.2.2 Fiber Preparation
12.3 Adhesives
12.3.1 Epoxy
12.3.2 Quick Cure Adhesives
12.3.3 Hot Melt Adhesive
12.3.4 Fiber Insertion
12.4 End Finishing
12.4.1 Fiber Removal
12.4.2 Air Polishing
12.4.3 Pad Polishing
12.5 Cleave And Crimp Installation
12.5.1 Cleaving
12.5.2 Insertion
12.5.3 Crimping
12.6 Summary
12.7 Review Questions
13 Splicing Principles
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cable-Enclosure Compatibility
13.3 End Preparation
13.4 Fiber Grouping
13.5 Attachment
13.5.1 Configurations
13.5.2 Grounding And Bonding
13.6 Tray Preparation
13.6.1 Buffer Tube Attachment
13.7 Fiber Preparation
13.7.1 Splice Cover
13.7.2 Strip Length
13.7.3 Cleaver Function
13.7.4 Cleave Length
13.7.5 Cleave Quality
13.8 Fusion Splicing
13.8.1 Fiber Placement
13.8.2 Splicer Operation
13.9 Mechanical Splicing
13.10 Fiber Placement
13.11 Tray Placement
13.11.1 Attach
Trays
13.12 Testing
13.13 Enclosure Closure
13.14 Summary
13.15 Review Questions
PART
3
PRINCIPLES OF
TESTING AND INSPECTION
14
Insertion
Loss Principles And Methods
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Simulation
14.2.1 General
14.2.2 Singlemode
14.2.3 Multimode
14.3 Standards
14.3.1 TIA/EIA6-C
14.3.2 TIA/EIA--A
14.3.3 TIA/EIA--A
14.3.4 IEC 61280-
14.3.5 Recommendation
14.4 Equipment
14.4.1 Source
14.4.2 Meter
14.4.3 Reference leads
14.4.4 Barrels
14.5 Insertion loss
14.5.1 Three Methods
14.5.2 1 Lead Method
14.5.3 2 Lead Method
14.5.4 3 Lead Method
14.5.5 Advantages
14.6 Range Tests
14.7 Advantages
14.8 Review Questions
15 OTDR
Principles And Methods
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types
15.3 Principles
15.4 Block Diagram
15.5 Theoretical Trace
15.6 Trace Features
15.6.1 Reflectance
15.6.2 Dead, Or Blind, Zones
15.6.3 Concealed Features
15.6.4 Map To Trace
15.7 3 Basic Traces
15.7.1 Reflective Loss
15.7.2 Non-Reflective Loss
15.7.3 Bad Launch
15.7.4 Unusual Traces
15.7.5 Wavelength Effect
15.8 Using The OTDR
15.8.1 Set Up
15.8.2 Launch Cable
15.8.3 Measurements
15.9 FTTH/PON Link Traces
15.10 OTDR Insertion Loss Comparison
15.11 The Real World
15.12 Review Questions
16
Reflectance
and ORL- Principles And Methods
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Reflectance
16.1.2 Optical Return Loss
16.2 Reflectance Principles
16.3 Reflectance Testing
16.3.1 Equipment Required
16.3.2 Procedure
16.3.3 Set Up
16.3.4 Verify Low Reflectance
16.3.5 Test Reflectance
16.4 ORL Testing
16.5 Interpretation
16.6 Standards
16.6.1 Review Questions
17
Dispersion
testing Methods And Principles
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Back To Basics
17.3 Chromatic Dispersion
17.3.1 Reason For Test
17.3.2 Test Methods
17.3.3 Test Results
17.4 PMD
17.4.1 Cause
17.4.2 Limits
17.4.3 Test Method
17.4.4 Test Results
17.5 Reference
17.6 Review Questions
18 Other Tests And Equipment
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Other Tests
18.2.1 Protocol Testing
18.2.2 Back Reflection
18.3 Other Equipment
18.3.1 Fiber identifier
18.3.2 VFL
18.3.3 Attenuator
18.3.4 Traffic Detector
18.3.5 Talk Set
18.3.6 Microscope
18.4 Summary
18.5 Review Questions
19
Certification
Principles And Methods
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Required Information
19.3 Insertion Loss Calculations
19.4 Development Of A Strategy
19.4.1 Insertion Loss
Certification
19.4.2 OTDR Certification
19.5 An Alternative Strategy
19.6 Summary
19.7 Review Questions
20 Connector Inspection
20.1 Applicability
20.2 Equipment Required
20.3 Procedure
20.3.1 Cleaning
20.3.2 General Instructions
20.3.3 Back Light
20.4 Evaluation Criteria
20.4.1 Core
20.4.2 Everywhere Else
20.4.3 Bad Clad? Be Glad!
20.4.4 Ferrule Features
20.4.5 Connector Disposition
20.5 Troubleshooting
20.5.1 Dirt On Connector
20.5.2 Faint Stains On
Connector
20.5.3 No Fiber Found
20.5.4 Core Does Not
Backlight
20.6 Review Questions
PART
FOUR
INSTALLATION
PROCEDURES
21 Cable End Preparation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Tools and Supplies
21.3 Fiber Handling
21.3.1 Coated Fiber
21.3.2 Uncoated Fiber 1
21.3.3 Uncoated Fiber 2
21.4 Pulling
21.4.1 Loose Tube
21.4.2 Premises Cable
21.5 Termination
21.5.1 Loose Tube
21.5.2 Premises
21.6 Continuity Test
21.7 One Page Summary
21.7.1 Pulling
21.7.2 Termination
22 Connector
Installation: Epoxy
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials And Supplies
22.3 Procedure
22.3.1 Set Up Oven
22.3.2 Preinstall Cable
22.3.3 Remove Jacket
22.3.4 Install Boots And
Sleeves
22.3.5 Prepare Epoxy
22.3.6 Prepare End
22.3.7 Clean Fiber
22.3.8 Connector Tests
22.3.9 Epoxy Injection
22.3.10 Fiber
Insertion
22.3.11 Crimp
Sleeve
22.3.12 Connector
Insertion
22.3.13 Remove
Excess Fiber
22.3.14 Air
Polish
22.3.15 Multimode
Polish
22.3.16 Final
Cleaning
22.3.17 Inspect
Connector
22.3.18 White
Light Test
22.3.19 Final
Assembly
22.3.20 Singlemode
Polishing
22.3.21 Final
Cleaning
22.3.22 Inspection
22.4 Troubleshooting
22.4.1 Installation
22.4.2 Polishing
22.4.3 Singlemode Polishing
22.5 Summary
22.5.1 Installation
22.5.2 Multimode Polish
22.5.3 Singlemode Polish
23
Connector
Installation: Quick Cure Adhesive
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Materials And Supplies
23.3 Procedure
23.3.1 Preinstall Cable
23.3.2 Remove Jacket
23.3.3 Install Boots And Sleeves
23.3.4 Prepare Adhesive
23.3.5 Prepare End
23.3.6 Clean Fiber
23.3.7 Connector Tests
23.3.8 Inject Adhesive
23.3.9 Primer Application
23.3.10 Fiber
Insertion
23.3.11 Crimp
Sleeve
23.3.12 Create
Bead
23.3.13 Remove
Fiber
23.3.14 Air
Polish
23.3.15 Multimode
Polish
23.4 Singlemode
Polishing
23.5 Final
Cleaning
23.5.1 Best Method
23.5.2 Method B
23.5.3 Method C
23.5.4 Inspect Connector
23.5.5 White Light Test
23.6 Final Assembly
23.7 Troubleshooting
23.7.1 Installation
23.7.2 Polishing
23.7.3 Singlemode Polishing
23.8 Summary
23.8.1 Installation
23.8.2 Multimode Polish
23.8.3 Finish Installation
24
Connector
Installation: Hot Melt Adhesive
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials
and Supplies
24.3 Procedure
24.3.1 Preinstall Cable
24.3.2 Set Up Oven
24.3.3 Load Holders
24.3.4 Remove Outer Jacket
24.3.5 Install Boots
24.3.6 Prepare End
24.3.7 Clean Fiber
24.3.8 Fiber Insertion
24.3.9 Remove Excess Fiber
24.3.10 Air
Polishing
24.3.11 Multimode
Polishing
24.4 Singlemode
Polishing
24.5 Final
Cleaning
24.5.1 Best Method
24.6 Cap
Installation
24.7 Inspect
Connector
24.8 White
Light Test
24.9 SC
Final Assembly
24.10 Salvage
24.10.1 Procedure
24.10.2 Alternate
Procedure
24.11 Troubleshooting
24.11.1 Installation
24.11.2 Polishing
24.12 One
Page Summary
24.12.1 Installation
24.12.2 Multimode
Polishing
25
Connector
Installation: Cleave And Crimp
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Tools and Supplies Required
25.3 Procedure
25.3.1 Remove Jacket
25.3.2 Load Tool
25.3.3 Prepare Fiber End
25.3.4 Prepare Cleaver
25.3.5 Clean Fiber
25.3.6 Cleave Fiber
25.3.7 Install Fiber
25.3.8 VFL Evaluation
25.3.9 Final Assembly
25.4 ST-ª Compatible Procedure
25.5 Test
Loss
25.6 Troubleshooting
25.6.1 52 mm Mark Closer To Lead In Tube Than 2 mm
25.6.2 High Loss
25.7 Summary
26 Mid-Span
Splicing
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Tools And Supplies Required
26.3 Cable
End Preparation
26.3.1 Dimensions
26.3.2 End Preparation
26.4 Enclosure
Preparation
26.5 Cable
Attachment
26.6 Buffer
Tube Attachment
26.7 Fiber Length Verification
26.8 OTDR
Set Up
26.9 Splicing
26.9.1 Fusion Splicing
26.9.2 Mechanical Splice
26.10 Test
Loss
26.10.1 Fusion
Splices
26.10.2 Mechanical
Splices
26.11 Fiber
Coiling
26.12 Buffer
Tube Coiling
26.13 Tray
Attachment
26.14 Enclosure
Finishing
26.15 Troubleshooting
26.15.1 Bad
Cleaves
26.15.2 Fusion
Splicing
26.15.3 Mechanical
Splicing
26.16 One
Page Summary
26.16.1 Cable
End Preparation
26.16.2 Enclosure
Preparation
26.16.3 Set
Up OTDR
26.16.4 Fusion
Splicing
26.16.5 Mechanical
Splice
26.16.6 Test
Loss
26.16.7 Coil
Fiber
26.16.8 Coil
Buffer tube
26.16.9 Attach
Tray
26.16.10 Finish
Enclosure
26.16.11 Test
Loss
27 Appendices
27.1 Indices
of Refraction
27.1.1 Multimode
27.1.2 Singlemode
27.2 Backscatter
Coefficients
27.2.1 Multimode
27.2.2 Singlemode
27.3 IR
Inaccuracies
27.4 Distance
Inaccuracies
27.5 Glossary
27.6 Acronyms
27.7 Chapter
13 Answers
27.8 Chapter
19 Answers
27.9 All
Connector Types
27.10 Study Guide For CFOT Examination, Version
11
27.11 The
Author
27.12 Crossword
Exercises
